Battle of Hattin in the Crusades

The Battle of Hattin was fought July 4, 1187, during the Crusades. In 1187, after a series of disputes, the Ayyubid armies of Saladin commenced moving against the Crusader states including the Kingdom of Jerusalem. Meeting the Crusader army west of Tiberias on July 3, Saladin engaged in a running battle as it moved towards the town. Surrounded during the night, the Crusaders, who were short on water, were unable to break out. In the resulting fight, the bulk of their army was destroyed or captured. Saladins victory opened the way for the recapture of Jerusalem later that year. Fast Facts: Battle of Hattin Conflict: The CrusadesDates: July 4, 1187Armies Commanders:CrusadersGuy of LusignanRaymond III of TripoliGerard de RidefordBalian of IbelinRaynald of Chatillonapprox. 20,000 menAyyubidsSaladinapprox. 20,000-30,000 men Background During the 1170s, Saladin began expanding his power from Egypt and worked to unite the Muslim states surrounding the Holy Land. This resulted in the Kingdom of Jerusalem being encircled by a unified enemy for the first time in its history. Attacking the Crusader state in 1177, Saladin was engaged by Baldwin IV at the Battle of Montgisard. The resulting fight saw Baldwin, who was suffering from leprosy, lead a charge that shattered Saladins center and put the Ayyubids to rout. In the wake of the battle, an uneasy truce existed between the two sides. Succession Issues Following Baldwins death in 1185, his nephew Baldwin V assumed the throne.  Only a child, his reign proved brief as he died a year later. As the Muslim states in the region were uniting, there was increasing dissension in Jerusalem with the elevation of Guy of Lusignan to the throne. Claiming the throne through his marriage to Sibylla, mother of the late child-king Baldwin V, Guys ascension was supported by Raynald of Chatillon and the military orders such as the Knights Templar.   Known as the court faction, they were opposed by the nobles faction. This group was led by Raymond III of Tripoli, who had been Baldwin Vs regent,  and who were angered by the move. Tensions quickly escalated between the two parties and civil war loomed as Raymond left the city and rode to Tiberias.  Civil war loomed as Guy considered besieging Tiberias and  was only avoided through mediation by Balian of Ibelin. Despite this, Guys situation remained tenuous as Raynald repeatedly violated the truce with Saladin by attacking Muslim trade caravans in Oultrejordain and threatening to march on Mecca. This came to a head when his men assaulted a large caravan traveling north from Cairo. In the fighting, his troops killed many of the guards, captured the merchants, and stole the goods. Operating within in the terms of the truce, Saladin sent envoys to Guy seeking compensation and redress. Reliant on Raynald to maintain his power, Guy, who conceded that they were in the right, was forced to send them away unsatisfied, despite knowing that it would mean war. To the north, Raymond elected to conclude a separate peace with Saladin to protect his lands. Saladin on the Move This deal backfired when Saladin requested permission for his son, Al-Afdal, to lead a force through Raymonds lands. Compelled to allow this, Raymond saw Al-Afdals men enter Galilee and meet a Crusader force at Cresson on May 1. In the battle that ensured, the outnumbered Crusader force, led by  Gerard de Ridefort, was effectively destroyed with only three men surviving.  In the wake of the defeat, Raymond left Tiberias and rode to Jerusalem. Calling his allies to assemble, Guy hoped to strike before Saladin could invade in force. Renouncing his treaty with Saladin, Raymond fully reconciled with Guy and a Crusader army of around 20,000 men formed near Acre. This included a mix a of knights and light cavalry as well as around 10,000 infantry along with mercenaries and crossbowmen from the Italian merchant fleet. Advancing, they occupied a strong position near the springs at Sephoria. Possessing a force nearly the size of Saladins, the Crusaders had defeated earlier invasions by holding strong positions with reliable water sources while allowing the heat to cripple the enemy (Map). Saladins Plan Aware of past failings, Saladin sought to lure Guys army away from Sephoria so that it could be defeated in open battle. To accomplish this, he personally led an attack against Raymonds fortress at Tiberias on July 2 while his main army remained at Kafr Sabt. This saw his men quickly penetrate the fortress and trap Raymonds wife, Eschiva, in the citadel. That night, the Crusader leaders held a war council to determine their course of action. While the majority was for pressing on to Tiberias, Raymond argued for remaining in the position at Sephoria, even if it meant losing his fortress. Though the precise details of this meeting are not known, it is believed that Gerard and Raynald argued strenuously for an advance and indicated that Raymonds suggestion that they hold their position was cowardly. Guy elected to push on in the morning. Marching out on July 3, the vanguard was led by Raymond, the main army by Guy, and the rearguard by Balian, Raynald, and the military orders. Moving slowly and under constant harassment by Saladins cavalry, they reached the springs at Turan (six miles away) around noon. Concentrating around the spring, the Crusaders eagerly took water. The Armies Meet Though Tiberias was still nine miles away, with no reliable water en route, Guy insisted on pressing on that afternoon. Under increasing attacks from Saladins men, the Crusaders reached a plain by the twin hills of the Horns of Hattin by mid-afternoon. Advancing with his main body, Saladin began attacking in force and ordered the wings of his army to sweep around the Crusaders. Attacking, they surrounded Guys thirsty men and cut off their line of retreat back to the springs at Turan. Realizing that it would be difficult to reach Tiberias, the Crusaders shifted their line of advance in an attempt to reach the springs at Hattin which were around six miles away. Under increasing pressure, the Crusader rearguard was forced to halt and give battle near the village of Meskana, stopping the entire armys advance. Though advised to fight on to reach water, Guy elected to halt the advance for the night. Surrounded by the enemy, the Crusader camp possessed a well but it was dry. Disaster Throughout the night, Saladins men taunted the Crusaders and set fire to the dry grass on the plain. The next morning, Guys army awoke to blinding smoke. This came from fires set by Saladins men to screen their actions and increase the Crusaders misery. With his men weakened and thirsty, Guy broke camp and ordered an advance towards the springs of Hattin. Despite having sufficient numbers to break through the Muslim lines, fatigue and thirst badly weakened the cohesion of the Crusader army. Advancing, the Crusaders were effectively counterattacked by Saladin. Two charges by Raymond saw him break through the enemy lines, but once outside the Muslim perimeter, he lacked enough men to influence the battle. As a result, he retreated from the field. Desperate for water, much of Guys infantry attempted a similar breakout, but failed. Forced onto the Horns of Hattin, the majority of this force was destroyed. Without infantry support, Guys trapped knights were unhorsed by Muslim archers and forced to fight on foot. Though fighting with determination, they were driven onto the Horns. After three charges against the Muslim lines failed, the survivors were forced to surrender. Aftermath Precise casualties for the battle are not known, but it resulted in the destruction of the majority of the Crusader army. Among those captured were Guy and Raynald. While the former was treated well, the latter was personally executed by Saladin for his past transgressions. Also lost in the fighting was a relic of the True Cross which was sent to Damascus. Quickly advancing in the wake of his victory, Saladin captured Acre, Nablus, Jaffa, Toron, Sidon, Beirut, and Ascalon in rapid succession. Moving against Jerusalem that September, it was surrendered by Balian on October 2. The defeat at Hattin and subsequent loss of Jerusalem led to the Third Crusade. Beginning in 1189, it saw troops under Richard the Lionheart, Frederick I Barbarossa, and Philip Augustus advance on the Holy Land.

Systematic Blind Man s Bluff Identity Through Vision

Systematic Blind Man’s Bluff: Identity through Vision in The Invisible Man and Their Eyes Were Watching God In present day American society, African-Americans’ skin color makes them into targets -- of violence, prejudice, stereotyping, and potentially of victimization. Police are trained to racially profile in their work, and the byproduct of this has been devastating; in 2015 alone the police killed about 102 unarmed black people. These happenings have sparked national outcry over institutionalized racism in America. The racial profiling of blacks increases their visibility, but because it is based on a narrow stereotyped portrayal, it marginalizes them. Racial profiling denies African-Americans the formation of an identity separate from that of a victim and likely criminal. This is essentially just a continuation of the black and white that vengeful post-Reconstruction Southern whites created in order to establish home rule. Te-Nehisi Coates illuminates how this black and white world is integral to white supremacy in Between the World and Me: â€Å"the power of domination and exc lusion is central to the belief in being white† (Between the World and Me 42). This colorless world encourages African Americans to reject visuality in order to arrive at a brand of disembodied individuality. In the novels The Invisible Man by Ralph Ellison and Their Eyes Were Watching God by Zora Neale Hurston, the authors write about two protagonists’ quest for their own identities in a similarShow MoreRelatedStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pagesand permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. To obtain permission(s) to use material from this work, please submit a written request to Pearson Education, Inc., Permissions Department, One Lake Street, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey 07458, or you may fax your request to 201-236-3290. Many of the designations by manufacturersRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesbuilt-in pretests and posttests, focus on what you need to learn and to review in order to succeed. Visit www.mymanagementlab.com to learn more. DEVELOPING MANAGEMENT SKILLS EIGHTH EDITION David A. Whetten BRIGHAM YOUNG UNIVERSITY Kim S. Cameron UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN Prentice Hall Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle River Amsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City Sao Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul SingaporeRead MoreManagement Course: Mba−10 General Management215330 Words   |  862 PagesAs we continue to experience the twenty-first century’s economic, social, and political churning, how will these driving factors be influenced by the brutally competitive global economy in which organizations do not have any particular geographic identity or travel under any particular national passport? What will be the effect of the rapid gyrations in markets that emphasize the difficulties that accounting practices face in determining true performance costs and that forecasting programs confront

Conformity and Rebellion free essay sample

SEA Synthesis Argument: Conformity and Rebellion Without idiosyncrasies in todays society, the world would be brimming with a myriad amount of followers with very few luminaries. Because of societys growing population of diversity, more and more people are becoming mentors, dignitaries, and pioneers of the world. However, the mass influx of multiplicity is not the result of population growth, but rather, the result of individuals knowing that it is their obligation to rebel and to help improve society.From his Nobel Prize Acceptance Speech, Martin Luther King states, l live that even amid todays motor bursts and whining bullets, there is still hope for a brighter tomorrow. (10) This quote simply states that there are always opportunities for society to develop. The truth is that most individuals are just merely afraid to rebel and contribute their ideas due to the possible chagrin and harassment they could receive. The poem, Eve Wear the Mask by Paul Lawrence Dunbar, reveals that people hide their thoughts to avoid being tortured by others. We will write a custom essay sample on Conformity and Rebellion or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page However, in the book Fahrenheit 451 when the main character, Guy Montage, desperately tries to resolve his own marital robbers and figure out how his dystrophy society came to be, he discovers that by rebelling and breaking the law, he understands how he can help rebuild and fix his society after a devastating nuclear bomb decimates the city he used to live in. Therefore, individuals are justified in breaking societal laws and norms if they are bettering the lives of others and benefiting society. To begin with, the necessity to rebel has resided within the human being since the beginning of mankind.People are born curious, wanting to know how things work, why things work, and what causes these things to work. For instance, as Captain Beauty of the fire department in Fahrenheit 451 states, At least once in his career, every fireman gets an itch. (59) The significance of this statement truly undermines the characteristic of curiosity. By being curious, people are laying the foundation of rebellion. As this underlying curiosity builds into a burning interest, there is no way to stop the raging inferno of desire from growing until one discovers the answer. Even though, Captain Beauty tells Montage, the books say nothing! (59) Montage refuses to believe Beauty until he reads a book for himself. Without discovering things for themselves, people will never be able to feel happy or sad, which is why the speaker in We Wear the Mask says, It hides our Cheeks and shades our eyes because naturally even though people are born with a necessity to rebel, the reason why many people dont rebel is because they are simply afraid of being judged by others. The speaker says people hide their cheeks so that others cannot tell if they are smiling or not and people shade their eyes often seen as the soul. Without this willingness to question ideas and actions, society cannot be improved. In addition, the role that rebellion plays does not have to be vital. Often, people are inclined to believe that rebellion is an attempt to revolutionize the customs and lifestyles that are familiar and safe. However, they are unaware of the importance of variety in society. The beauty, richness, and color all contribute to defiance. On more than one occasion, Montage neighbor, Claries McClellan, is a huge symbol of rebellion.Often doing strange things out of the ordinary in Montage society, Ms. McClellan [hikes] around in the forests and [watches] the birds and [collects] butterflies. (20) Although she does not ensue a citywide manhunt, she is the main reason behind Montage intellectual change. When she tells him [shes] still crazy. The rain feels good. [She] love to walk in it. Rain even tastes good (1 9), her pristine personality completely alters the manner of how Montage observes his surroundings solely due to the fact of her trying to get him to taste the rain (which he does).This elementary and delicate action is not a full-scale change the world rebellion. Clavicles actions are purely candid ways of getting others to view the world differently. Completely different from there, Claries doesnt break any societal laws to make a difference, but instead, helps others acknowledge the auxiliary sides of life through her anything but conforming actions. Moreover, the words of Martin Luther King Jar. Also describe how rebellion is not always major.He says, Most people will never make the headlines and their names will not appear in Whos Who, yet men and women will know and children will be taught that we have a finer land, a better people, and a more noble civilization (14) The connotation of the quote is that people do not have to be superheroes to make a positive life hang. Most people wont even be recognized for what they have done, but if everyone makes an independent choice in life, then society will become finer as a whole. The simplicity of rebellion can make a difference in society. Lastly, the essence of rebellion is the pivotal characteristic element to continue humanity. Without any variety or mixture of diversity, there is no way a society can become improved. Evidently in We Wear the Mask, the speaker states, We wear the mask that grins and lies, this debt we pay to human guile; With torn and bleeding hearts we smile (1) The speaker shows hat everyone of us conforms one way or another, and it is because we conform that we smile and grin with torn and bleeding hearts. By escaping shame and embarrassment through conforming, we pay for escape through human guile or the deception of human life.Without having the mindset to rebel and to see daylight of the social and literal crimes that take part in everyday life, individuals will not be able to save themselves from their own people. For example, during Montage journey as a fugitive, he notices that after almost being run over For no reason at all in the world [the people in he car] would have killed [him]. ( 122) In addition, because everyone in Montages dystrophy society just wants to have Montage found and killed, they are tricked into believing that a normal everyday citizen walking during the late night was Montage. Although the government may see this as a clever way to fool society, the action Of killing the man was unjust. Instead Of giving the supposed Montage a trial, he was brutally killed by the Hound. Without any kind of opposition, these innocent individuals are killed simply because the citizens failed to even question why Montage is killed and fail to criticize their win actions. Without having the curiosity or ability to disagree with others, then there is no way a society can continue.Thus, the continuation of society ultimately depends on how individuals choose to contribute, maintain, or preserve their knowledge to a perpetually growing culture. Without the intelligence and righteousness to continue the human civilization, the societal collapse in Fahrenheit 451 is eerily accurate as to how the world would end. If individuals are willing to refuse to accept the view that mankind is so tragically bound to the starless midnight that the bright daybreak of peace ND brotherhood can ne ver become a reality, (9), then the future of mankind is looking up. In other words, if individuals are willing to give everything they can to society, and not give up on fellow citizens of the earth despite the hopelessness or hostility of authority, then they still have a chance in salvaging humanity. People are born to rebel, discover new ideas, and reach new heights. Yet it is only through the work of those who can understand the rectitude of their conformity-defying actions that can help maintain the balance of justice and virtue.